Chemistry291

Global Warming || What is Global Warming? The warming up of the earth’s surface due to green house effect is termed as global warming. Causes of Global Warming CO2 and other green house gases present in the atmosphere trap the infrared radiation from the sun and do not allow the radiations to escape. Hence the earth’s surface is warming up more and more. Effects of global warming caused by Green house effect: 1. Evaporation process of surface water is enhanced very much due the increase in temperature of earth’s surface which leads to drastic seasonal change. Some region of the world would become dry. 2. Sea level is increased due to melting of glaciers. Hence, low lying land areas will be submerged under sea water. 3. Food production is mainly affected and it leads to draught. 4. The tropical diseases like malarial fever, dengue fever and cholera will spread to the other parts of the world. 5. It causes drastic change

Green House Effect ||What is greenhouse effect?||Greenhouse Gases Effect The earth surface gets warmed due to the blanketing effect of pollutants like CO2 present in the atmosphere. It is known as green house effect. How do greenhouse gases trap heat?||What does green house gas do in the environment?How does greenhouse gas affect the earth? By the following way,gree nhouse gases traps heat in the environment and thus it makes environment hot. Several radiations like UV, visible and infra-red rays from the sunlight reaches the earth surface and produce heat energy.  Some of the heat that is absorbed by the earth’s surface is radiated back into the space. Green House Effect The pollutants like CO2 and other gases which form a blanket around the earth prevent the heat energy to escape from the surface of earth. Hence the earth gets warmed. It is similar to green glass houses where heat radiation cannot escape from them. Greenh ou

Acid Ra in ||What is Acid Rain? ||Effects of Acid Rain The gases like SO₂ and NO₂ emitted from various industries react with moisture present in the atmosphere to form corresponding acids. It means that rain water contains more acids. The rain water containing the acid is called acid rain. They slowly fall down on the earth as acid rain during snow  fall or normal rainfall. This is called as acid rain. ●Which gas causes acid rain? -CO₂(Carbon Dioxide),SO₃ ,NO₂ etc. causes acid rain. ●Acid Rain Formula or Equation SO₃ + H₂O→ H₂SO4 HCl + H₂O→ HCl CO₂ + H₂O→ H₂CO₃ 4 NO₂ + O₂ + 2 H₂O→  4 HNO₃ Acid Rain Formula Effects of Acid Rain,Harmful Effects of Acid Rain or What are the Effects of Acid Rain The effects of acid rain has given below. (How does acid rain affects the environment?) 1. Acid rain makes the soil more acidic and thereby reduces the fertility of the soil. 2. It affects the survival of fishes and reduc

10 Uses of Hydrogen |Electronic Configuration, Atomic Weight, Atomic Symbol and Atomic Number of Hydrogen Hydrogen:Atomic Weight, Electronic Configuration, Atomic Weight and Symbol 10 Uses of Hydrogen 1)Hydrogen is used to produce ammonia. 2) Hydrogen is also used for  the hydrogenation of fats and oils. 3) Hydrogen is  used in large amount to produce methanol.  4) Hydrogen is used for hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.  5) Hydrogen  is utilised in rocket  fuel and welding. 6) It is used to produce HCl, reduce metallic ores, and filling balloons.  7) Hydrogen can be used to transform trash into methane and ethylene. 8) Hydrogen can be used in hydrogen fuel cell to produce electricity. 9) Pollution-free gas hydrogen can occupy the place of  natural gas, gasoline.  10)Hydrogen has the power to serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy.

Environmental  Pollution || Pollution ||What is Pollution?||Types of Pollution ||Air Pollution Environmental POLLUTION In recent days, everyone speaks about pollution. We are all facing huge risks due to pollution. The air we breathe, the water we drink and the place where we live and work in may be full of toxic substances. The adverse effects of these pollutants may affect the future generation also. Pollution |What is Pollution? Pollution may be defined as the excessive discharge or addition of unwanted and undesirable foreign matters into the environment that causes huge damage to the life and properties of human, plants and animal. Environment includes air, water and land. The harmful substances that cause damage are called pollutants . Pollutants are discharged from various industries, automobiles, microorganism, volcanic eruptions, forests and strong winds. Causes of pollution The following are the main causes

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) The atomic number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom or number of electrons revolving around the nucleus in an atom.  Based on the carbon standard the atomic mass of an element may be defined as the ratio between the mass of one atom of the element and 1/12th of mass of an atom of carbon Atomic number= No of protons=No of electrons MASS NUMBER (A) The mass number of an element is given by the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. A= (P+N) Therefore the number of neutrons is = A-Z. ISOTOPES The isotopes are atoms of the same elements having the same atomic number but different mass number. e.g. Isotope of oxygen:  8 O 16 , 8 O 17, 8 O 18. ISOBAR Isobars are the atoms of different elements having the same mass number but different atomic number. e.g.  92 U 234 , 91 Pa 234 Read More:What is Matter? Proton,Electron,Neutron

What causes diabetes? Write down 5 important secondary causes of Diabetes Mellitus or DM . (SUST11Ja) Ans: 5 important secondary causes of Diabetes Mellitus or DM : 1)Pancreatitis 2)Acromegaly 3)Cushing's syndrome 4) Prolonged corticosteroid intake 5) Congenital rubella infection Nice to know Type-I diabetes may be associated with other autoimmune disorders such as: 1) Thyroid disease 2) Coeliac disease 3) Addison's disease 4) Pernicious anacmia 5) Vitiligo Q. What are the causes of ty pe-2 Diabetes Mellitus or DM ? Ans:Causes of type-2 DM: 1) Genetic defect 2) Pancreatic diseases 3) Excess endogenous production of hormonal antagonists to insulin. 4) Drug induced 5) Associated with genetic syndrome.

Diabetes || Define Diabetes Mellitus or DM Ans : Diabetes mellitus or DM is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia caused by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Classify diabetes mellitus | | Types of Diabetes Ans: Aeotiological classification of diabetes mellitus Type l or insulin dependent diabetes melitus (IDDM)         ●Immune mediated         ● Idiopathic Type Il or non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Other specific types: ●Genetic defects of B-cell function. ● Genetic defects of insulin action (e. g. leprechaunism, Iipodystrophies) ●Pancreatic diseases ,e.g.  pancreatectomy, neoplastic disease ● Excess endogenous production of hormonal antagonists to insulin (e.g.         *growth hormone- acromegaly  *glucocorticolds -cushing's syndrome *glucagon- Glucagonoma *catecholamines-Phaeochromocytoma * thyroid hormones- thyrotoxicosis ●Drug induced (e.g.corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, p

Vector || Vector Definition ||What is Vector ? | Classification of Vector in Microbiology Vector || Vector Definition ||What is Vector ? You can say that vector is  an arthropod or any living carrier (e.g. snail) that transfer an infectious agent to a susceptible individual. Types or Classification of Vectors 1.Mechanical Vector The infectious agent is mechanically  transported by a crawling or fying arthropod through soiling of its feet or proboscis;or by passage of organisms through its gastro-intestinal tract and passively excreted. There is no development or multiplication of the infectious agent  on or within the vector. e.g fly, cockroaches, bugs etc. 2. Biologic Vector An arthropod or insect where the parasite multiplies or undergoes some developmental change with or without maturation is called biologic vector. Types : 3 types 1. Propagative : undergoes no cyclical change but multiples in the body of vector

Short note: Zoonosis (DU-91U) Ans: Zoonosis means disease of animals .Transmission of disease from animal to man is called zoonosis Examples: ◆ Leishmaniasis ◆ Trypanosomasis (Chagas disease and rhodesian sleeping sickness) ◆ Trichinelliasis ◆ Echinococcosis ◆Rabies ◆Plague ◆Anthrax ◆ Brucellosis Nice to know            Autoimmunity It is an inmune reaction in which antibodies develop against some constituents of body's own tissue. e. g.automune antibody developing against RBC and causing anaema in Kala-azar& malaria.                          Hypersensitivity |What is  Hypersensitivity Immune reaction not only protect but an access to the Ag for a second time can produce an abnormally exaggerated response which may themselves be injurious or may be responsible for pathological reactions in tissue.        ◆ In quartan malaria (immediate type of hypersensitivity)          ◆In leishmaniasis(delayed type of hypersensitivity)