Chemistry291

Parasites in Humans/ Parasites which enters the skin by penetration./Name the Parasitic Diseases those infect human being by skin piercing./Name the parasites that enter through percutaneous route/Name the parasites which cause infestation by penetrating the skin. ∆Name of Parasites Which Causes Skin Penetration: • Parasites which causes skin penetration -Ancylostoma duodenale -Necator americanus -Strongyloides Sterocorales -Larva migraine -Schistosomes:S.haematobium,S.mansoni,S.japonicum Nice to Know *Routes of Various Parasitic Infection: # Parasites which causes Ingestion, Alimentary penetration >>Infectious Parasite •Taenia solium •Taenia saginata •Trichinella spiralis •Spirometra larval stage •Balantidium coli •E.granulosus •Toxoplasma gondii •Diphyllobothrium latum •Fasciola buski •Fasciola hepatica •Entamoeba histolytica •Ascaris lumbricoids •Hymenolepsis Nana •Trichuris trichiura # Parasites which causes inoculation of skin  p

How does parasite create disease in man? Ans: A) Direct physical or chemical damage:        1)By causing trauma :A.duodenale.         2)By causing lytic necrosis:E.histolytic in liver and intestine          3)By releasing toxins:E.histolytica B) By causing immunological injuries:      1.By causing inflammation:Leishmaniasis        2.By causing allergy:W. bancrofti in filariasis        3.By creating neoplastic changes:Clonorchis sinensis • Enumerate the insect borne parasitic diseases.Name parasites which are transmitted by insect vectors. Ans: Parasites which are transmitted by insect vectors: Parasite 1) Trypanosoma Insect vector ----Tsetse flies Diseases ----Trypanosomiasis 2) Leishmania Insect vector ----Sandflies Diseases ---Kala-azar 3) Plasmodia Insect vector --Anopheline mosquitoes Diseases-- Malaria 4)Wuchereria Insect vector --Culicine  mosquitoes Diseases ---Filariasis Mention five parasitic Infections with marked eo

Mention Five Parasitic Infections with  Marked Eosinophilia  Ans: 1) Kala-azar(Caused by Leismania donovani)         2) Hybrid cyst (caused by E. granulosus)          3) Infection by A.lumbricoides                    4)Hook worm infection(A duodenale and N.americanus)          5) Filariasis (Caused by W.bancrofti) Nice to know: • Susceptibility to parasite depends on:      1)Age:Very young and old age.      2)Sex:Male is more susceptible than female.        3) Pregnancy: Steroid    > immunity         4) Malnutrition:Marasmus,K washiorkor           5) Immunodeficiency States:AIDS            6)Genetic factors:Blood Group A carried people suffer more from Giardiasis              7)Some special local condition :Hypochlorhydria • Mode of transmission of parasitic illness 1) Arthropod born:Lice infestation. 2) Animal borne:Trichinelliassis 3) Direct Contact:Strongyloides Sterocorales 4)Indirect: Plasmodium 5)Water

Mention the parasites causing anaemia? discuss the mechanism of developing anemia in different types of parasitic infection Parasites                      1.Giarda    •Causes of anaemia a)Diverting of nutrients 2.Trypanosoma • Causes of Anaemia a) Haemolysis b)Removal of sensitised RBC from blood c)Depressed production of RBC by Bone marrow 3.Leishmania •Type--Normocytic •Causes of anaemia a)Anti-RBC Ab formation b)Short life span of RBC(50 days) c)Lysis of RBC by spleen d)Compromise erythropoiesis 4.Plasmodium •Type---Microcytic or normochromic            hypochromic anaemia(Haemolytic anaemia) •Causes of anaemia a)Extensive haemolysis(Break down of  RBC during segmentation of paraParas) 5)Diphyllobothrium Latum •Type---Megaloblastic anaemia •Causes of Anaemia a) Unsaturated fatty acid released by D.latum interferes with the function of intrinsic factor of Castle b)D.latum takes up vit-B-12 Causing megalo

Explain Various Host and Parasite Relationship Here is the three host-parasite relationship.I have tried to explain it in easy language. 1.Symbiosis or Symbiotic Relationship with Examples An association in which both host and Parasite are so depended upon each other that one can't live without the help of other.e.g.zoochlorela and Chlorohydra viridisima. 2.Commmensalism With Examples An association in which the parasite only gets benefit without causing any injury to its host.e.g.Man and Entamoeba gingivalis(commensalism Examples) Read More : What is host? 3.Parasitism and Parasitism Examples An association in which the parasite gets benefits and causes some injury to its host.e.g. Man and ascaris lumbricoides. Next

States of Matter/3 States of Matter/Solid,Liquid and Gas There are mainly 3 states of matter.These are solid,liquid and gaseous State.Besides, there is a another important state which is call plasma state. 3 State of Matter In solid state,the particles of the matter stay tightly.The inter molecular force is the highest and inter molecular distance the lowest.Example:Ice Read More In liquid state,inter molecular attraction force is relatively lower than solid.Here,Inter molecular distance increases.That is,inter molecular distance is more than that of  solid state. In gaseous state,inter molecular attraction force is very little.Inter molecular distance is increased to an extent that the molecules travel around freely and spread outside beyond the intermolecular attractions. Read More ...

Host Definition|| What Does Host Mean Host is an organism which harbours the parasite. Classification of Host 1) Definitive Host The host which harbours the adult stage or where parasite utilizes the sexual method of reproduction.In the majority of human parasitic infections,man is the definitive host.e.g.Man(Host example) is the definitive host for Dyphylobothrium latumn,T.solium,T.saginata, Leishmania,filaria. 2) Intermediate Host The host which harbours the larval stages of parasite.Man is an intermediate host in malaria and hydatid disease.e.g. Cyclops fish in case of D.latum,T.solium. 3)Paratenic Host: A host where the parasite remains viable without further development.e.g.housefly for amebiasis. Question:Name 3 parasites that require two hosts to complete their life cycle with example. Ans.1) Plasmodium                   2) Leishmania donovani           3)Echinococcus granulosus Next

What is a Parasite A living organism which receives nourishment and shelter from another organism where it lives. Classification of Parasites: 1.Ectoparasite:Lives outside on the surface of the body of the host.e.g.mite,louce. 2.Endoparasite:Lives inside the body of the host in the blood,tissue,body cavities,digestive tract and other organs.e.g.Entamoeba histolytica in liver and large intestine. 3.Temporary parasite: Visits it's host for a short period.e.g.Plasmodium malariae. 4.Permanent Parasites:Leads a parasitic life throughout the whole period of its life.e.g. •Ankylostoma duodenale(Hookworm) •Ascarris lumbricoides (Round worm) •T. Vaginalis. 5.Faculative parasite:Lives a parasitic life when opportunity arises.e.g.Cryptococcus neoformance. 6.Obligatory Parasite: Cannot exist without a parasitic life.e.g.Plasmodium,Ascaris lumbricoides. 7.Occasional /Accidental Parasite: Attacks an unusual host.e.g.Balantidium coli in pig,In man-hy