Chemistry291

Global Warming || What is Global Warming? The warming up of the earth’s surface due to green house effect is termed as global warming. Causes of Global Warming CO2 and other green house gases present in the atmosphere trap the infrared radiation from the sun and do not allow the radiations to escape. Hence the earth’s surface is warming up more and more. Effects of global warming caused by Green house effect: 1. Evaporation process of surface water is enhanced very much due the increase in temperature of earth’s surface which leads to drastic seasonal change. Some region of the world would become dry. 2. Sea level is increased due to melting of glaciers. Hence, low lying land areas will be submerged under sea water. 3. Food production is mainly affected and it leads to draught. 4. The tropical diseases like malarial fever, dengue fever and cholera will spread to the other parts of the world. 5. It causes drastic change...

Green House Effect ||What is greenhouse effect?||Greenhouse Gases Effect The earth surface gets warmed due to the blanketing effect of pollutants like CO2 present in the atmosphere. It is known as green house effect. How do greenhouse gases trap heat?||What does green house gas do in the environment?How does greenhouse gas affect the earth? By the following way,gree nhouse gases traps heat in the environment and thus it makes environment hot. Several radiations like UV, visible and infra-red rays from the sunlight reaches the earth surface and produce heat energy.  Some of the heat that is absorbed by the earth’s surface is radiated back into the space. Green House Effect The pollutants like CO2 and other gases which form a blanket around the earth prevent the heat energy to escape from the surface of earth. Hence the earth gets warmed. It is similar to green glass houses where heat radiation cannot escape from them. Green...

Acid Ra in ||What is Acid Rain? ||Effects of Acid Rain The gases like SO₂ and NO₂ emitted from various industries react with moisture present in the atmosphere to form corresponding acids. It means that rain water contains more acids. The rain water containing the acid is called acid rain. They slowly fall down on the earth as acid rain during snow  fall or normal rainfall. This is called as acid rain. ●Which gas causes acid rain? -CO₂(Carbon Dioxide),SO₃ ,NO₂ etc. causes acid rain. ●Acid Rain Formula or Equation SO₃ + H₂O→ H₂SO4 HCl + H₂O→ HCl CO₂ + H₂O→ H₂CO₃ 4 NO₂ + O₂ + 2 H₂O→  4 HNO₃ Acid Rain Formula Effects of Acid Rain,Harmful Effects of Acid Rain or What are the Effects of Acid Rain The effects of acid rain has given below. (How does acid rain affects the environment?) 1. Acid rain makes the soil more acidic and thereby reduces the fertility of the soil. 2. It affects the surv...

10 Uses of Hydrogen |Electronic Configuration, Atomic Weight, Atomic Symbol and Atomic Number of Hydrogen Hydrogen:Atomic Weight, Electronic Configuration, Atomic Weight and Symbol 10 Uses of Hydrogen 1)Hydrogen is used to produce ammonia. 2) Hydrogen is also used for  the hydrogenation of fats and oils. 3) Hydrogen is  used in large amount to produce methanol.  4) Hydrogen is used for hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.  5) Hydrogen  is utilised in rocket  fuel and welding. 6) It is used to produce HCl, reduce metallic ores, and filling balloons.  7) Hydrogen can be used to transform trash into methane and ethylene. 8) Hydrogen can be used in hydrogen fuel cell to produce electricity. 9) Pollution-free gas hydrogen can occupy the place of  natural gas, gasoline.  10)Hydrogen has the power to serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy.

Environmental  Pollution || Pollution ||What is Pollution?||Types of Pollution ||Air Pollution Environmental POLLUTION In recent days, everyone speaks about pollution. We are all facing huge risks due to pollution. The air we breathe, the water we drink and the place where we live and work in may be full of toxic substances. The adverse effects of these pollutants may affect the future generation also. Pollution |What is Pollution? Pollution may be defined as the excessive discharge or addition of unwanted and undesirable foreign matters into the environment that causes huge damage to the life and properties of human, plants and animal. Environment includes air, water and land. The harmful substances that cause damage are called pollutants . Pollutants are discharged from various industries, automobiles, microorganism, volcanic eruptions, forests and strong winds. Causes of pollution The following are the main cau...

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) The atomic number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom or number of electrons revolving around the nucleus in an atom.  Based on the carbon standard the atomic mass of an element may be defined as the ratio between the mass of one atom of the element and 1/12th of mass of an atom of carbon Atomic number= No of protons=No of electrons MASS NUMBER (A) The mass number of an element is given by the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. A= (P+N) Therefore the number of neutrons is = A-Z. ISOTOPES The isotopes are atoms of the same elements having the same atomic number but different mass number. e.g. Isotope of oxygen:  8 O 16 , 8 O 17, 8 O 18. ISOBAR Isobars are the atoms of different elements having the same mass number but different atomic number. e.g.  92 U 234 , 91 Pa 234 Read More:What is Matter? Proton,Electron,Neutron

What causes diabetes? Write down 5 important secondary causes of Diabetes Mellitus or DM . (SUST11Ja) Ans: 5 important secondary causes of Diabetes Mellitus or DM : 1)Pancreatitis 2)Acromegaly 3)Cushing's syndrome 4) Prolonged corticosteroid intake 5) Congenital rubella infection Nice to know Type-I diabetes may be associated with other autoimmune disorders such as: 1) Thyroid disease 2) Coeliac disease 3) Addison's disease 4) Pernicious anacmia 5) Vitiligo Q. What are the causes of ty pe-2 Diabetes Mellitus or DM ? Ans:Causes of type-2 DM: 1) Genetic defect 2) Pancreatic diseases 3) Excess endogenous production of hormonal antagonists to insulin. 4) Drug induced 5) Associated with genetic syndrome.

Diabetes || Define Diabetes Mellitus or DM Ans : Diabetes mellitus or DM is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia caused by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Classify diabetes mellitus | | Types of Diabetes Ans: Aeotiological classification of diabetes mellitus Type l or insulin dependent diabetes melitus (IDDM)         ●Immune mediated         ● Idiopathic Type Il or non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Other specific types: ●Genetic defects of B-cell function. ● Genetic defects of insulin action (e. g. leprechaunism, Iipodystrophies) ●Pancreatic diseases ,e.g.  pancreatectomy, neoplastic disease ● Excess endogenous production of hormonal antagonists to insulin (e.g.         *growth hormone- acromegaly  *glucocorticolds -cushing's syndrome *glucagon- Glucagonoma *catecholamines-Pha...

Vector || Vector Definition ||What is Vector ? | Classification of Vector in Microbiology Vector || Vector Definition ||What is Vector ? You can say that vector is  an arthropod or any living carrier (e.g. snail) that transfer an infectious agent to a susceptible individual. Types or Classification of Vectors 1.Mechanical Vector The infectious agent is mechanically  transported by a crawling or fying arthropod through soiling of its feet or proboscis;or by passage of organisms through its gastro-intestinal tract and passively excreted. There is no development or multiplication of the infectious agent  on or within the vector. e.g fly, cockroaches, bugs etc. 2. Biologic Vector An arthropod or insect where the parasite multiplies or undergoes some developmental change with or without maturation is called biologic vector. Types : 3 types 1. Propagative : undergoes no cyclical change but multiples in the ...

Short note: Zoonosis (DU-91U) Ans: Zoonosis means disease of animals .Transmission of disease from animal to man is called zoonosis Examples: ◆ Leishmaniasis ◆ Trypanosomasis (Chagas disease and rhodesian sleeping sickness) ◆ Trichinelliasis ◆ Echinococcosis ◆Rabies ◆Plague ◆Anthrax ◆ Brucellosis Nice to know            Autoimmunity It is an inmune reaction in which antibodies develop against some constituents of body's own tissue. e. g.automune antibody developing against RBC and causing anaema in Kala-azar& malaria.                          Hypersensitivity |What is  Hypersensitivity Immune reaction not only protect but an access to the Ag for a second time can produce an abnormally exaggerated response which may themselves be injurious or may be responsible for pathological reactions in...

Parasites in Humans/ Parasites which enters the skin by penetration./Name the Parasitic Diseases those infect human being by skin piercing./Name the parasites that enter through percutaneous route/Name the parasites which cause infestation by penetrating the skin. ∆Name of Parasites Which Causes Skin Penetration: • Parasites which causes skin penetration -Ancylostoma duodenale -Necator americanus -Strongyloides Sterocorales -Larva migraine -Schistosomes:S.haematobium,S.mansoni,S.japonicum Nice to Know *Routes of Various Parasitic Infection: # Parasites which causes Ingestion, Alimentary penetration >>Infectious Parasite •Taenia solium •Taenia saginata •Trichinella spiralis •Spirometra larval stage •Balantidium coli •E.granulosus •Toxoplasma gondii •Diphyllobothrium latum •Fasciola buski •Fasciola hepatica •Entamoeba histolytica •Ascaris lumbricoids •Hymenolepsis Nana •Trichuris trichiura # Parasites which causes inoculation of skin...

How does parasite create disease in man? Ans: A) Direct physical or chemical damage:        1)By causing trauma :A.duodenale.         2)By causing lytic necrosis:E.histolytic in liver and intestine          3)By releasing toxins:E.histolytica B) By causing immunological injuries:      1.By causing inflammation:Leishmaniasis        2.By causing allergy:W. bancrofti in filariasis        3.By creating neoplastic changes:Clonorchis sinensis • Enumerate the insect borne parasitic diseases.Name parasites which are transmitted by insect vectors. Ans: Parasites which are transmitted by insect vectors: Parasite 1) Trypanosoma Insect vector ----Tsetse flies Diseases ----Trypanosomiasis 2) Leishmania Insect vector ----Sandflies Diseases ---Kala-azar 3) Plasmodia Insect...

Mention Five Parasitic Infections with  Marked Eosinophilia  Ans: 1) Kala-azar(Caused by Leismania donovani)         2) Hybrid cyst (caused by E. granulosus)          3) Infection by A.lumbricoides                    4)Hook worm infection(A duodenale and N.americanus)          5) Filariasis (Caused by W.bancrofti) Nice to know: • Susceptibility to parasite depends on:      1)Age:Very young and old age.      2)Sex:Male is more susceptible than female.        3) Pregnancy: Steroid    > immunity         4) Malnutrition:Marasmus,K washiorkor           5) Immunodeficiency States:AIDS   ...

Mention the parasites causing anaemia? discuss the mechanism of developing anemia in different types of parasitic infection Parasites                      1.Giarda    •Causes of anaemia a)Diverting of nutrients 2.Trypanosoma • Causes of Anaemia a) Haemolysis b)Removal of sensitised RBC from blood c)Depressed production of RBC by Bone marrow 3.Leishmania •Type--Normocytic •Causes of anaemia a)Anti-RBC Ab formation b)Short life span of RBC(50 days) c)Lysis of RBC by spleen d)Compromise erythropoiesis 4.Plasmodium •Type---Microcytic or normochromic            hypochromic anaemia(Haemolytic anaemia) •Causes of anaemia a)Extensive haemolysis(Break down of  RBC during segmentation of paraParas) 5)Diphyllobothrium Latum •Type---Megaloblastic anaemia •Causes of Anaemia a) Unsaturated fatty acid released by D.latum inte...

Explain Various Host and Parasite Relationship Here is the three host-parasite relationship.I have tried to explain it in easy language. 1.Symbiosis or Symbiotic Relationship with Examples An association in which both host and Parasite are so depended upon each other that one can't live without the help of other.e.g.zoochlorela and Chlorohydra viridisima. 2.Commmensalism With Examples An association in which the parasite only gets benefit without causing any injury to its host.e.g.Man and Entamoeba gingivalis(commensalism Examples) Read More : What is host? 3.Parasitism and Parasitism Examples An association in which the parasite gets benefits and causes some injury to its host.e.g. Man and ascaris lumbricoides. Next

States of Matter/3 States of Matter/Solid,Liquid and Gas There are mainly 3 states of matter.These are solid,liquid and gaseous State.Besides, there is a another important state which is call plasma state. 3 State of Matter In solid state,the particles of the matter stay tightly.The inter molecular force is the highest and inter molecular distance the lowest.Example:Ice Read More In liquid state,inter molecular attraction force is relatively lower than solid.Here,Inter molecular distance increases.That is,inter molecular distance is more than that of  solid state. In gaseous state,inter molecular attraction force is very little.Inter molecular distance is increased to an extent that the molecules travel around freely and spread outside beyond the intermolecular attractions. Read More ...

Host Definition|| What Does Host Mean Host is an organism which harbours the parasite. Classification of Host 1) Definitive Host The host which harbours the adult stage or where parasite utilizes the sexual method of reproduction.In the majority of human parasitic infections,man is the definitive host.e.g.Man(Host example) is the definitive host for Dyphylobothrium latumn,T.solium,T.saginata, Leishmania,filaria. 2) Intermediate Host The host which harbours the larval stages of parasite.Man is an intermediate host in malaria and hydatid disease.e.g. Cyclops fish in case of D.latum,T.solium. 3)Paratenic Host: A host where the parasite remains viable without further development.e.g.housefly for amebiasis. Question:Name 3 parasites that require two hosts to complete their life cycle with example. Ans.1) Plasmodium                   2) Leishmania donovani...

What is a Parasite A living organism which receives nourishment and shelter from another organism where it lives. Classification of Parasites: 1.Ectoparasite:Lives outside on the surface of the body of the host.e.g.mite,louce. 2.Endoparasite:Lives inside the body of the host in the blood,tissue,body cavities,digestive tract and other organs.e.g.Entamoeba histolytica in liver and large intestine. 3.Temporary parasite: Visits it's host for a short period.e.g.Plasmodium malariae. 4.Permanent Parasites:Leads a parasitic life throughout the whole period of its life.e.g. •Ankylostoma duodenale(Hookworm) •Ascarris lumbricoides (Round worm) •T. Vaginalis. 5.Faculative parasite:Lives a parasitic life when opportunity arises.e.g.Cryptococcus neoformance. 6.Obligatory Parasite: Cannot exist without a parasitic life.e.g.Plasmodium,Ascaris lumbricoides. 7.Occasional /Accidental Parasite: Attacks an unusual host.e.g.Balantidium coli in pig,In man-hy...

What is Chemistry? Answer: Chemistry is an important brance of science.Chemistry is everywhere.The presence of Chemistry can be seen around us.Your rice,your clothes,your table are full of chemistry.You can't imagine a single day without Chemistry. Chemistry discuss the matter and its characteristics and It explains why  atoms combines with each other. You can say chemistry is the mother of science.           What is matter? What is Matter? Well, to understand chemistry, we have to have knowledge about matter. Do you know your body is matter,your table is matter and your chair is matter. Actually,the matter is that substance that has mass, volume and occupy space. If you divide matter,you will get electron,proton and neuton.This particle is not visible in a naked eye. Read More:States of Matter What is matter made up of? Answer: Matter is made up of particles.There are two types of particles.The first one is pe...