Diabetes || Define Diabetes Mellitus or DM|Blood Sugar Level

Diabetes || Define Diabetes Mellitus or DM

Ans :

Diabetes mellitus or DM is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia caused by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin.

Classify diabetes mellitus | | Types of Diabetes

Ans:

Aeotiological classification of diabetes mellitus

Type l or insulin dependent diabetes melitus (IDDM)
        ●Immune mediated
        ● Idiopathic

Type Il or non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Other specific types:

●Genetic defects of B-cell function.

● Genetic defects of insulin action (e. g. leprechaunism, Iipodystrophies)

●Pancreatic diseases
,e.g.  pancreatectomy, neoplastic disease

● Excess endogenous production of hormonal antagonists to insulin (e.g.        

*growth hormone- acromegaly 

*glucocorticolds -cushing's syndrome

*glucagon- Glucagonoma

*catecholamines-Phaeochromocytoma

* thyroid hormones- thyrotoxicosis

●Drug induced (e.g.corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, phenytoin)

● Viral infections (e.g, congenital rubella, mumps, Coxackie virus B)

●Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes

●Associated with genetic syndromes:

*Down's syndrome .
*Klinefelter's syndrome
*Turner's syndrome
* DIDMOAD (Woltfram's syndrome)-Diabetes insipidus, DM, optic atrophy, nerve deafness

* Friedreich's ataxia

*Myotonic dystrophy

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Important for VIVA

◆ Latent diabetes: Blood sugar level high in stressful condition.

◆Potential diabetes : 70 % chance of developing diabetes when parents are diabetic .

◆Normal blood glucose or Normal blood sugar: 3.5-5.8 mmol/dl

◆Diabetic:

       Fasting: 7 mmol/dl
       2 hours after breakfast glucose:      >11 mmol/ dl
      Random: >11 mmol/ dl
      Impaired: 7-11 :>11 mmol/ dl


Read More:Causes of DM